Al-Noor Journal of Physical and Sports Sciences

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop and standardize a leadership ability scale for physical education teachers in secondary schools in Nineveh Governorate as perceived by school administrators. The study deployed descriptive survey method and the sample was 160 school administrators, (principals and assistant principals) who were selected to represent the study population.
To collect data for the study, the researcher made a questionnaire after using several studies and theories of educational leadership.
The scale was reviewed by a panel of experts for content validity and amended accordingly. Following this, the appropriate statistics were employed to test the scale’s psychometric properties, including its validity and reliability.
The scale in final version consisted of five things: objectivity, flexibility, understanding others, use of authority, and knowledge of communication principles. A total of 40 items were developed to represent the dimensions using the Likert-type scale.
According to the findings, the validity and reliability of the scale are acceptable, indicating it can be used to measure the leadership ability of physical education teachers. The study suggested the usage of the scale in subsequent research and the use of the study on different education levels including primary, intermediate, and secondary schools. In addition, the scale can be utilized in similar Arab educational contexts, especially in Iraqi governorates because it is adaptable and standardized.

Abstract The research aims to:
-Determine the effect of using sequential skill-building exercises based on video presentation (slow and normal speed) and the method employed in learning several basic football skills.
-Compare the three research groups in learning several basic football skills.
The researchers hypothesized the following:
There are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test re-sults of the three research groups in learning several basic football skills, favoring the post-test.
There are statistically significant differences between the post-test results of the three research groups in learning several basic football skills.
The researchers used the experimental method because it suited the nature of the re-search and experiment. The research population was chosen purposively from first-year students in the College of Basic Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Mosul, for the academic year (2025-2026), first semester, and their number was (102) male and female students, representing sections (A, B, C, D). Hall (C) was excluded because it contains female students, and the re-search sample was represented from sections (A, B, D). They were randomly selected by drawing lots, and their number was (74) students. A number of students were ex-cluded because they were not equal to the sample members, in addition to excluding the absent students, whose number was (7). Thus, the final number of sample mem-bers became (45) students, with a percentage of (44.11%) of the original population. They were distributed into three groups by drawing lots, with (15) students for each group. The researchers used the design of equivalent randomly selected groups with pre- and post-observation controlled for control. The educational curriculum was implemented starting from 25/11/2025 until 7/1/2026, with one educational unit per week for each group.
The researchers used the SPSS version 25 statistical software package, employing appropriate statistical methods, most notably the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test for paired samples, one-way ANOVA, and Least Significant Difference (LSD).
The results showed that all groups improved in the post-tests compared with the pre-tests, with greater improvement in the experimental groups. The second experimental group, which used normal-speed video presentation, showed superiority in dribbling, passing, and ball control skills, while no significant difference was found between the two experimental groups in scoring.

Abstract The research attempts to develop a proposed framework for improving the physical education and sports curriculum in the light of artificial intelligence concepts and future skills. Also, it tried to spotlight the reality of the current curricula, what concepts should be present in it, what is needed for development, and what role developed curricula play in developing future skills of the student.
The study used the descriptive method with the survey approach to attain the data needed for the study. The sample of the research included 135 students of Al-Aqsa University, of them 15 students for the exploratory study and 120 students for the main study, and they were selected by the purposive method. A questionnaire of 40 statements was prepared in this research to collect data. This questionnaire was distributed over 4 axes; the reality of current curricula, what artificial intelligence concepts should be incorporated, what is required to develop the curricula, and what is the role of the developed curricula in developing future skills. The measurement instrument’s psychometric characteristics were verified by means of validity and reliability coefficients, while the data were processed using SPSS.
The results indicated that the reality of current physical education curricula has a moderate agreement level tending toward low (M = 2.48 ± SD = 0.91), indicating limited compatibility with the requirements of the digital age. Moreover, the results showed a strong agreement about the inclusion of concepts related to artificial intelligence in the curricula at a mean of 4.43 ± 0.66, with artificial intelligence applications in sports performance analysis being the top-ranking. The requirements for the axis of curriculum development registered the highest mean, 4.49 ± 0.63, with faculty training and infrastructural development being among the most important. The study also discovered that the designed curricula could highly help enhance the future competencies of students, especially digital literacy, critical thinking, and data analysis. In this case, the mean value for this study was 4.45 ± 0.65. The mean score for the questionnaire across all domains was 3.96 ± 0.71.
The findings of the research confirmed that the current physical education curricula are far from meeting the requirements of digital transformation and the contemporary sports labor market. It also showed that the integration of artificial intelligence concepts, development of infrastructure, and qualifying faculty members are key requirements for curriculum development. As per the outcomes of the study, curricula developed based on artificial intelligence contribute to the development of future skills and to preparing better-capable graduates who are able to adapt to modern sports and educational environments.

Abstract Basketball is a dynamic team sport requiring speed, accuracy, motor coordination and quick thinking. According to many experts, the jump shot is one of the most important offensive skills in basketball. It can play a direct role in scoring and match outcomes. Coaches still use conventional observation to assess shooting execution although this technique is not always reliable since the movements are often rapid and complex. Modern scientific tools are therefore needed for supporting measurement and performance development.
This study aimed to design an innovative T.T.B training device for measuring and developing motor reaction speed and jump-shot accuracy in basketball and to investigate its effect on a composite jump-shot skill performance level. The researcher used the experimental method with a two-group design, including experimental and control groups, with pre- and post-tests. The study sample consisted of 20 second-year students from the Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, College of Basic Education, University of Mosul. The participants were allocated into two equal groups. The experimental group underwent a training program while using the innovative device, while the control group went through the same training program without using it. The training contained 24 sessions and lasted for 8 weeks.
Using the device, data was collected to measure response time and shooting accuracy. Skill performance level was calculated using a formula combining shooting accuracy and response time. To further interpret the jump-shot performance biomechanically, high-speed video recording was used. After examining the results, there were statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test of the experimental group in favour of the post-test. Additionally, the improvement percentage was 32.609%. The results of the post-test also showed significantly better performance of the experimental group than the control group. To conclude, the study device was able to enhance the level of skill performance of the jump shot via the combination of visual stimulation, response-time control, shooting accuracy scoring, and instant feedback.

Abstract This study aimed to develop and standardize a strategic resilience scale for the Nineveh Youth and Sports Directorate from the perspective of its employees. Strategic resilience is a modern concept that contributes to enhancing the ability of sports organizations to adapt to environmental changes and achieve sustainable performance.
The study employed a descriptive survey methodology, deemed most suitable for the nature of the research. The research population consisted of 231 employees, while the scale development sample comprised 120 employees (54.54%), in addition to a pilot sample of 10 employees and a reliability sample of 30 employees.
The research instrument (questionnaire) was developed according to systematic scientific steps, beginning with defining the axes and presenting them to 15 experts. Four main axes were adopted: resource resilience, organizational structure resilience, decision-making resilience, and communication resilience. Three axes were excluded due to their failure to meet the 75% acceptance rate. The number of items was also reduced from 39 to 35 in the final version. The statistical analysis revealed that all items on the scale possessed discriminatory power, with t-values ranging from 1.519 to 5.957. Correlation coefficients between the items and the overall scale ranged from 0.315 to 0.510, indicating construct validity. The overall reliability coefficient, using the Spearman-Brown formula, was 0.90, a high indicator confirming the instrument's reliability.
Regarding the application results, the overall mean score was 136.78, with a standard deviation of 5.77 and a percentage of 78.16%, exceeding the hypothetical mean of 105. This indicates a good level of strategic flexibility within the directorate. The decision-making flexibility dimension ranked first at 82.25%, followed by organizational structure flexibility at 78.73%, communication flexibility at 78.15%, and finally resource flexibility at 76.13%. The study concluded that the Nineveh Youth and Sports Directorate possesses a good level of strategic flexibility, with a clear advantage in decision-making flexibility. However, there is still a need to enhance resource flexibility, particularly given financial and infrastructural constraints. The study recommended that the assessment could be applied to other sports institutions, such as federations, clubs, and sports academies, due to its suitable scientific characteristics.

Abstract This study analyzes the role of the National Development Authority in Libya in providing sustainable sports facilities within the framework of Libya Vision 2030. It also aims to determine the extent to which these projects support economic and social development and reconstruction. The study addresses a knowledge gap resulting from the scarcity of research examining sports facilities as development and investment tools in the Libyan context. Furthermore, there is a lack of institutional assessments of these facilities' contributions to sustainability.

Using a qualitative approach based on a descriptive analytical design and a case study, the National Development Authority was adopted as an institutional model for analysis. Data were collected from official documents, reports, and published data on sports projects, as well as scientific literature and supporting documents.
The results clearly demonstrate investment in sports infrastructure through the implementation of major and medium-sized sports projects, such as the construction of international stadiums and the improvement of existing facilities, as well as the adoption of modern technologies and equipment that comply with international standards. and indicates a diversification of funding sources and a growing trend towards increased investment and the transformation of sports facilities into development assets capable of generating sustainable economic returns.

The study concludes that the success of sustainable sports development depends on long-term strategic planning and effective operating, financing, and investment models that ensure the continuity of facilities and maximize their economic and social impact.

Keywords: Sustainable sports development, sports infrastructure, sports investment, long-term development, Libyan context.